Plants

= Plantsmedia type="custom" key="17526220" =

Jm: Diploid to haploid to diploid: > >> >> >>
 * Alternation of generations**
 * 1) Most plants display //alternations of generations//, a life cycle that passes alternately through diploid and haploid stages.
 * 2) The haploid stage is generated by meiosis.
 * 3) The diploid stage is generated by fertilization.
 * Both haploid and diploid mitosis:
 * 1) In plants, both the diploid and haploid stages are capable of undergoing mitosis.
 * 2) These stages are called the sporophyte and gametophyte, respectively.
 * Separate generations:
 * 1) A semantic consequence of both the diploid and haploid stages undergoing mitosis is that they are considered separate generations.
 * 2) Thus, one speaks of alternating sporophyte and gametophyte generations, or, for short, simply //alternation of generations//.
 * **Gametophyte** **["gamete plant"]**The //gametophyte//is the plant haploid generation.
 * 1) In ancestral and primitive plants (e.g., __green algae__ and mosses, respectively) the gametophyte generation is an actual, __free__living, haploid plant which produces gametes by mitosis.
 * 2) Conspicuous plant:
 * 3) In fact, the //gametophyte//generation in primitive plants is actually the dominant plant observed ("the conspicuous organism").
 * 4) This contrasts greatly with the dominant, less primitive plants found today in which the diploid (sporophyte) generation is dominant.
 * 5) The //gametophyte// generation in these (less primative) plants consists of only a few cells protected and nourished by the sporophyte generation (i.e., the //gametophyte//are not __free__living in gymnosperms and angiosperms).
 * 6) In the sophisticated seed-bearing plants the "haploid spores divide by mitosis and produce tiny haploid plants that will form gametes, and hence, these little individuals are called gametophytes, or gamete-producing plants. The miniature female gametophyte consists of just seven cells, which are totally dependent on the much larger diploid sporophyte for support. One of these cells is the egg, the female gamete. The male gametophyte is the pollen grain; it contains just three cells when mature, including two sperm, the male gametes." (p. 798, Postlethwait and Hopson, 1995)
 * **Sporophyte**
 * 1) Diploid generation:
 * 2) The //sporophyte//is the plant diploid generation.
 * 3) In all plants it is the //sporophyte// generation which generates the haploid generation (//spores//) via meiosis.
 * Conspicuous plant:
 * 1) In some primitive plants both the gametophyte and the //sporophyte//can serve as conspicuous organisms.
 * 2) In modern land plants (vascular plants) the //sporophyte//is the conspicuous organism.
 * 3) In other words, the land plants we see around us represent the diploid, //sporophyte//generation of these plants.
 * 4) In primitive plants (bryophytes particularly) the //sporophyte// often is not free living and must be nourished by the gametophyte. This is essentially the opposite situation from that observed among the gymno- and angiosperms.
 * Spores give rise to gametes:
 * 1) The haploid products of //sporophyte// __cell__ meiosis are considered //spores//because they are capable of undergoing and, indeed, do undergo mitosis prior to the occurrence of fertilization.
 * 2) It is only the final products of these mitotic divisions which are considered the plant gametes.
 * 3) Hence, it is the haploid gametophyte generation which, technically, gives rise to the gametes, i.e., the cells which do the actual fusing to effect fertilization.[|http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3060.htm]

//Topics://

//. Structure and Function of Plants (16%)//
 * 1) //Reproduction, growth, and development//
 * 2) //Structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations//
 * 3) //Response to the environment//

RP. There are several classes for plants. Below is a chart that details the different classes of plants as well as their characteristics

JFMcL. Hormones are chemical messengers, produced in one part of the organism that affects a different part. The major types and functions of these hormones are commonly confused. Study the chart below, especially highlighted words.


 * Hormones and Their Functions in Plant Growth**

These are the different plant responses to a certain stimuli I have summarized for a quick review. A **tropism** is a plant growth response from hormones that results in the plant growing either toward or away from a stimulus
 * **Plant Hormone** || **Where They are Found** || **Plant Hormones Function** ||
 * Auxin || This hormone is present in the seed embryo, young leaves and apical buds meristem. || * Stimulation of cell elongation; cell division in cambium, differentiation of phloem and xylem, root initiation on stem cuttings, lateral root development in tissue culture. This is responsible for growth towards light . ||
 * Cytokinin || Cytokinins are synthesized in roots and then transported to other plant parts || * Stimulation of cell division, growth of lateral buds and apical dominance ||
 * Ethylene || Ethylene is present in the tissues of ripening fruits, nodes of stems, senescent leaves and flowers || * Flower and leaf senescence stimulation
 * Fruit ripening is stimulated by ethylene ||
 * Abscisic Acid || Absicisic acid is found mostly near leaves, stems, unripe fruit || * Stimulation of closing of stomata
 * Inhibition of shoot growth ||
 * Gibberellin || The gibberellins are present in the meristems of apical buds and roots, young leaves, embryo || * Stimulates stem elongation
 * Gibberellin can lead to development of seedless fruits ||
 * MAP **
 * Phototropism** is the growth of a shoot in a certain direction in response to light
 * Photoperiodism** is a physiological response to a photoperiod (the relative lengths of night and day). It controls when plants will flower. (the length of the night is the critical factor)
 * Gravitropism** is a plant’s response to gravity
 * Thigmotropism** is directional growth in a plant as a response to a touch

Adding to above, photoperiodism results in three different types of plants.
 * JJS **
 * Short-day plants:** require a period of continuous darkness longer than a critical period in order to flower. These plants flower in early spring or fall. Short-day plants are actually long-night plants; that is, what the plant measures is the length of the night.
 * Long-day plants:** flower only if a period of continuous darkness was shorter than a critical period. They often flower in the late spring or early summer. Long-day plants are actually short-night plants.
 * Day-neutral plants** can flower in days of any length.

(Bio review book)

Photoperiodism is caused due to phytochrome responses. **The Pr form:**
 * The phytochrome molecule is the photoreceptor for red light responses. It exists in two forms, Pr and Pfr: **
 * Absorbs at a peak of 666 nm
 * Is the form synthesized in dark-grown seedlings.
 * When Pr absorbs red light, it is converted to the Pfr form.
 * The Pfr form: **
 * Absorbs at a peak of 730 nm
 * The Pfr form is the active form that initiates biological responses
 * When Pfr absorbs far red light, it is converted to the Pr form
 * Pfr can also spontaneously revert to the Pr form in the dark over time = dark reversion; Pfr is also susceptible to proteinases.
 * Pfr absorbs some red light, so in red light, there is a balance of 85% Pfr and 15% Pr
 * Pr absorbs very little far red light, so in far red light, there is a balance of 97% Pr to 3% P

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Sorry that this is just another link to click but I think the information is really helpful if you're still confused about the plant hormones or just want to learn a bit more on the topic. @http://www.plant-hormones.info/index.htm
 * EJG **

RMG

You can use this picture to __study__ the structure of the leaf, but i also found it very useful to studying their functions in relationship to their location.

TWK Plants reproduce by the alteration of generations, switching between diploid and haploid versions of themselves. This method of reproduction allowed plants to colonize land. Below is an video that explains the process in mosses. Mosses are different than other plants because they spend most of their reproductive cycle in the gametophyte generation.
 * Alternation of Generations**

media type="custom" key="15883712"

I never fully understood this process. This video helped me to understand not only the process, but also some of the anatomical differences between the male and female plant structures.


 * EGR** - The different types of plant tissues all seem really similar to each other, at least in the names! The cell types composing plant tissues are //**collenchyma, parenchyma, sclerenchyma** (// all simple tissues ), and the complex tissues, **//xylem and phloem.//** I tried to come up with some mnemonic devices to help us all remember these (hopefully), as well as some brief notes to go along with them.

collenchyma - cell walls of irregular thickness, flexible support; __//Collenchyma has two L's just like iRRegular, and collen means flexible, to remember the collen portion try to remember how irregular the thicknesses can be//__ parenchyma - cell walls of very thin thickness to facilitate movement of particles through cell; //__PARenchyma are thin so the PARticles can pass through easily__// sclerenchyma - very thick cell walls (primary and secondary cell walls made of lignin), dead at maturity, rigid support;__//Sclerenchyma should make you think of rigidness because of the sclera portion, which can be associated with sclerosis (the hardening of structures)//__ xylem - tracheids and vessels, modified sclerenchyma, transport H20;__//Vessels in the heart pump blood, which is a liquid like water, just like in the xylem, and vessels are a form of the xylem//__ phloem - sieve tubes and companion cells, transport nutrients; //__The nutrients don't easily PHLOE through the sieves__//

I know the mnemonic devices were a bit of a stretch but hopefully they are odd enough to remember a bit of information!

JFMcL Whatever helps you remember something is great! But why do they work?

Mnemonics rely on associations between easy-to-remember constructs which can be related back to the data that are to be remembered. This is based on the observation that the human mind much more easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical, sexual, humorous, or otherwise meaningful information, as compared to retrieving arbitrary sequences []

Root Cap: protects the apical meristem Apical Meristem: produces the new root cells Roots Hairs: increase surface area for absorption Stele: vascular cylinder(Xylem/Phloem) Pericycle: lateral roots originate from here and it is the outermost cell layer of the vascular cylinder Also: [] this website has some pretty good pictures, and explains the tissues in relatively good detail.
 * SS. Root Structure ** (just some key terms and their locations)

JFMcL Some other important topics to add would be the functions of the different types of cells and also the mechanisms by which water and sugars are transported.

VBG Angiosperm Reproduction: I found this website, it summarizes chapter 38 []

I had trouble remembering what each type of tissue was used for and where each was located. This is a helpful summary of the three basic types of tissue. The website I found it on is very helpful for all topics. It has a lot of topic outlines, practice quizzes, etc. I found it very helpful in reviewing concepts I was unclear about. []
 * KGT **
 * **Plant organs are composed of three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground.**
 * The dermal tissue is the outer covering.
 * In nonwoody plants, it is a single layer of tightly packed cells, or epidermis, that covers and protects all young parts of the plant.
 * The epidermis has other specialized characteristics consistent with the function of the organ it covers.
 * For example, the root hairs are extensions of epidermal cells near the tips of the roots.
 * The epidermis of leaves and most stems secretes a waxy coating, the cuticle, which helps the aerial parts of the plant retain water.


 * In woody plants, protective tissues called periderm replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots.
 * Vascular tissue, continuous throughout the plant, is involved in the transport of materials between roots and shoots.
 * Xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots.
 * Phloem transports food made in mature leaves to the roots; to nonphotosynthetic parts of the shoot system; and to sites of growth, such as developing leaves and fruits.
 * The vascular tissue of a root or stem is called the stele.
 * In angiosperms, the vascular tissue of the root forms a solid central vascular cylinder, while stems and leaves have vascular bundles, strands consisting of xylem and phloem.


 * Ground tissue is tissue that is neither dermal tissue nor vascular tissue.
 * In eudicot stems, ground tissue is divided into pith, internal to vascular tissue, and cortex, external to the vascular tissue.
 * The functions of ground tissue include photosynthesis, storage, and support.
 * For example, the cortex of a eudicot stem typically consists of both fleshy storage cells and thick-walled support cells.

LJ: I tend to get monocots and dicots confused. I found these two charts helpful:

(Source: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8/monocotdicot.html) (Source: [])
 * **MONOCOTS** || **DICOTS** ||
 * Embryo with single cotyledon || Embryo with two cotyledons ||
 * Pollen with single furrow or pore || Pollen with three furrows or pores ||
 * Flower parts in multiples of three || Flower parts in multiples of four or five ||
 * Major leaf veins parallel || Major leaf veins reticulated ||
 * Stem vacular bundles scattered || Stem vascular bundles in a ring ||
 * Roots are adventitious || Roots develop from radicle ||
 * Secondary growth absent || Secondary growth often present ||
 * Secondary growth absent || Secondary growth often present ||



SRF Distinguishing between the male and female segments of a __flower__ always confused me. The Stamen is the male organs and the pistil is the female (also called carpel)

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Movement of Water Through a Plant.

[|http://m.eb.com]

1) The water will diffuse into the root hairs through osmosis.

2) Then, there are three different pathways that the water can take when traveling to the endodermis:

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3) The water enters the xylem vessel. Because the water particles are polar, they form a chain through the process of cohesion.

4) The particles adhere to the walls of the xylem and rise up to the leaves. They are being pushed by all the water particles entering the xylem from the roots. They are also being pulled by the leaves because the leaves are constantly losing water through the processes of transpiration, photosynthesis, and respiration.

-MSL

This diagram is helpful because it labels the parts of the flower & shows the life cycle of the angiosperm clearly. It is important to realize which parts are used in reproduction and which parts are not.It also includes the topic of double fertilization which I thought was important to understand. The diagram may be a little blurry on here but you can click on the link to see it better.
 * WJH **

http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/38618/Double-fertilization_LARGE_2.jpg

CCA Todays conversation about the evolution of plants made me realize that I needed to brush up on the topic.... This site provides a great summary of parts of the plant, how they evolved, and different types of plants!

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JFMcL. This is an excellent explanation of plant evolution, but also a good example to review the concept of shared ancestral vs.derived characteristics. Remember these atre used to determine evolutionary relationships and develop a phylogenetic tree using cladistics.


 * MAP **

Below is a summary of different adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to overcome problems associated with life on land. This is very important as it traces different evolutionary changes and important structures and functions associated with land plants today.

anyone feel free to add to this if you can think of anything else
 * Many adaptations of flowering plants have enabled them to not depend on water for fertilization
 * Pollination brings both gametes together
 * Production of male gametophytes, pollen grains, can be carried long distances by wind or animals to fertilize eggs
 * Sperm of flowering plants have direct access to the egg through the pollen tube
 * Zygotes develop into embryos with a food supply and a protective coat known as a seed
 * Development of vascular tissue gave support to the plant body due to absence of an aquatic environment
 * Vascular tissue strengthened with ligin
 * Stems are strong to grow strong against gravity
 * Roots anchor the plant
 * Cambium provides secondary thickening
 * Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells have tough, rigid cell walls to support the plant
 * Life on land gave rise to a problem of drying out
 * Cuticle is a waxy outer-covering on the plant that helps the plant from drying out
 * Stomata control the loss of water
 * The vascular tissue of the xylem transports water from roots throughout the whole plant
 * Root hairs increase surface area for increased absorption of water

ABM When looking over the plant unit, I noticed I needed to review how sugars are transported in the phloem. Plants move sugars from a **sugar source** (which is an organ that is a net producer of sugar like the leaves) to a **sugar sink** (an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar), by the process of translocation. In **translocation**... -review book This diagram also helped me get a further understanding of this topic
 * 1) Sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes at the source when proton pumps create an electrochemical gradient. This decreases water potential and causes the uptake of water which creates positive pressure
 * 2) The pressure os relieved at the sugar sink by the unloading of sucrose followed by the loss of water

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 * EJG **

Comparison chart Phloem vs. Xylem
source: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Phloem_vs_Xylem
 * ~  ||~ Phloem ||~ Xylem ||
 * Occurrence: || Roots, stems and leaves || Roots, stems and leaves ||
 * Additional Functions: || Forms vascular bundles with xylem || Forms vascular bundles with phloem and gives mechanical strength to plant due to presence of lignified cells. ||
 * Elements: || Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, bast fibers, intermediary cells || Tracheids, vessel elements, xylem parenchyma, xylem sclerenchyma ||
 * Nature of tissue: || Living tissue || Non living tissue at maturity ||
 * Movement: || Bidirectional || Unidirectional (upward) ||
 * Function: || Transportation of food and nutrients from leaves to storage organs and growing parts of plant. || Water and mineral transport from roots to aerial parts of the plant. ||
 * Structure: || Tubular with soft walled cells || Tubular with hard walled cells ||
 * Direction : || Moves up or down the plant's stem from "source to sink" || Moves up the plant's stem ||

Yay for bryophytes! When I was looking this over, I realized that I needed to review this cycle as it differs from the more complex land plants. Source: http://media.wiley.com/Lux/44/23644.nfg001.jpg
 * EJG **

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 * JJS ** As one of the most primitive kinds of terrestrial plant, the tracheophyte reproductive cycle is very important. This animation shows each event, step by step.

I find it difficult to remember which specific cells are xylem cells and which are phloem cells. XYLEM: tracheids and vessel elements. You can remember this because "vessels" carry water, like ships are vessels that travel on water. PHLOEM: sieve-tube members and companion cells. You can remember this because phloem carries "food" and nutrients, and you use a sieve when cooking, and you often eat food with companions. (sorry that these are kind of far-fetched, but things like this always help me remember information...)  **<** http://plantcellbiology.masters.grkraj.org/html/Plant_Cellular_Physiology5-Translocation_Of_Water_And_Nutrients_files/image004.jpg> []
 * SMM. **

So i was going through the essay test and primary and secondary growth came up and i had only a rough idea of what it is so i looked it up. I found this very simplified plant structure website but it covers all the major topics and its easy to read so check it out! [] As for the difference between primary and secondary growth...
 * RMG **

**Primary growth of stem:** Primary growth occurs only in apical meristems which are located at the tips of the stems and roots. Meristems in stems are protected by newly formed leaves within a bud. __//Axillary buds//__ : usually dormant in the axes of mature leaves develop into branches //__Herbaceous stems (nonwoody__// ): Herbaceous stems are produced by primary growth. The outermost tissue is epidermis and is covered by waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. The vascular tissue is found in bundles that are arranged in a ring (dicots) or scattered (monocots).

**Secondary Growth of Stems:** Secondary growth occurs in plants that live > 1 year. Primary growth occurs for a short distance behind the apical meristem, then secondary growth occurs.It begins with the formation of a vascular cambium and a cork cambium. Cell division toward the inside and outside form xylem and phloem. Seasonal climates produces growth rings because cells grow faster and are larger in the spring than later in the growing season. //__Vascular cambium__// : Initially, vascular cambium is found between the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundles of dicots. After one years growth, it joins to form a continuous ring. __//Cork cambium://__ Cortex cells beneath the epidermis produce the cork cambium. The cork cambium produces cork. Cork is waterproof because the cell walls are impregnated with of suberin. Pockets of cells lack suberin. These are called lenticels and function to allow gas exchange. Cork replaces the epidermis on woody stems and roots. //__Bark:__// The bark of trees consists of cork, cork cambium, cortex, and phloem.

SMM. I'm working on the plant essays now, and I found myself having trouble remembering the regulatory mechanisms for flowering in plants. summarized from the review book.
 * Photoperiodism** controls when plants will flower. It is a physiological response to a **photoperiod**, which is the relative lengths of night and day.
 * short-day (long night) plants : require a time span longer than a certain critical period of darkness in order to flower. they usually flower in early spring or fall. if interrupted by a bright flash of light, they will not flower
 * long-day (short night) plants : only flower if there is a period of continuous darkness shorter than a critical period.
 * day-neutral plants: flower in days/nights of any length

ELB I was confused about the layout of the vascular cambium and cork cambium in relation to one another. This picture also helped me remember that the periderm consists of the cork cambium and cork. Overall, this is a good review of the structure of woody dicot stems. []

This website and simplified diagram give a good explanation on the difference between c3 and c4 plants. []
 * SAL**

I have trouble differentiating between the different organs of monocots and dicots so this diagram really helps show the differences in both the seed and grown of each biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/FloweringPlants/seedgermmonodi.gif YC I can say for myself that plants are a topic that I am struggling a lot on. One of the them being the evolution of plants. This site explains plant evolution from bryophytes to vascular plants to angiosperms and gymnosperms. It also includes a chart explaining the adaptations plants need in order to survive on land. Here it is

TWK I know someone already posted about this but it really helped me understand angiosperm reproduction.

Angiosperm Life Cycle


Angiosperms have alternation of generations with the 2n sporophyte being the dominant generation. The anthers, which are the equivalent of microsporangia, produce microspores by meiosis, and the microspores develop into male gametophytes (= **pollen**). The ovaries, which are the equivalent of megasporangia, produce megaspores which grow into female gametophytes, each of which then produces an egg. Note that technically the “sex organs” of a plant aren’t because they produce spores (micro- or mega-) which turn into male or female gametophytes. The gametophytes bear the true sex organs, such as they are, and are where eggs or sperm are actually produced. By some means (wind or an animal **pollinator**), the pollen is transferred to the stigma of the pistil, and a pollen tube grows down into the ovary. Eventually, two sperm nuclei travel down the pollen tube. **Pollination** is the transfer of the male gametophyte (pollen) to the stigma of the female, while **fertilization** is when the sperm nucleus and egg nucleus unite Angiosperms have an unusual thing called **double fertilization**. When the sperm nuclei reach the female gametophyte, one sperm nucleus and the egg cell unite to form a new 2n zygote (which grows into an embryo). The other sperm nucleus and **two** nuclei from the female gametophyte join to form **3n endosperm** which often serves as food for the embryo. The embryo sporophyte consists of:



=under, beneath), which is the region //under// the cotyledon(s). The lower end of the hypocotyl, which becomes the root system, is called the **radicle** (**radix**= root) and will become the roots. In general, monocots tend to store food in their endosperms, and nutrients are transferred to the cotyledon only as needed. In contrast, many (not all) dicots tend to store food in their cotyledons with the endosperm being reduced to a papery coating around the embryo.
 * 1) one or two nutrient-storage areas called **cotyledons** which are in contact with (and absorb nutrients from) the 3n endosperm. Seeds of some species store their nutrients primarily in the endosperm, having very small cotyledon(s), while others have most of their nutrients stored in their cotyledons and the endosperm is very small.
 * 2) the **epicotyl** (**epi** = upon, over), which is the region //above// the cotyledon(s), and which will become the stem and leaves,
 * 3) the **hypocotyl** (**hypo**

I found this at, []

When going through my quizzes and test I realized I always get confused on the differences between Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma cells. This diagram really helped to understand the differences between them.
 * SAL **

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KEY TERMS OF PLANT BIOLOGY I believe that these terms are extremely important to know, as they are mainframe vocabulary for the section. Here are the key terms of plant biology in summary. You can quiz yourself on the below listed terms and play games with the terms at: Quizlet Plant Biology Review

Happy Studying! media type="custom" key="17525976" -WMWoods Meristems ||< A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems. ||
 * ~ ====Terms ==== ||~ ====Definitions ==== ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Apical Dominance ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Sieve Tube Members ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Cells in the phloem tissue that lack a nucleus, but are long and cylindrical for conducting sugar water. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Companion Cells ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Phloem cells. Surround sieve tube elements to aid transport. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Pith ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] soft spongelike central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Apical Meristems ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Primary Growth ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] type of plant growth that occurs at the tips of roots and shoots ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Secondary Growth ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] pattern of plant growth in which stems increase in width ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Lateral
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Endodermis ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Stomata ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Guard Cells ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Vascular Cambium ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] lateral meristematic tissue that produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of the stem over time ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Cork Cambium ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] lateral meristematic tissue that produces the outer covering of stems ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Sporophyte ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] the spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Gametophyte ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism, the gamete-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Spores ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] single-celled reproductive bodies highly resistant to cold and heat damage; capable of new organisms ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Archegonium ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a female sex organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Anteridia ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Male reproductive structure in mosses and liverworts, male reproductive sturcutre that is a tny capsule containing sperm ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Endosperm ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Double Fertilization ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Ovary ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] the organ that bears the ovules of a flower ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Ovule ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a small body that contains the female germ cell of a plant ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Plasmodesmota ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] channels b/w cell wall that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Synergids ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] two cells that flank the egg cell and function in the attraction and guidance of the pollen tube to the embryo sac ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Polar Nuclei ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] 2 nuclei, within the same cell, created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction; unite in the ovule to form a fusion nucleus, which gives rise to endosperm when fertilized ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Antipodal Cells ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] A group of cells, situated at the opposite end to the micropyle, in the mature embryo sac of flowering plants. They are very large and have highly endopolyploid nuclei. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Tonoplast ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap; also known as the vacuolar membrane. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Apoplast ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] In plants, the continuum of cell walls plus the extracellular spaces. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Symplast ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] System of transport within a plant consisting of openings in cell walls called plasmodesmata ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Bulk Flow ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] The movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Casparian Strip ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] waterproof strip that surrounds plant endodermis cells ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Circadian Rhythms ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Phloem Loading ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] the active transport of sucrose into a sieve tube element ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Tracheids ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] A water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin. ||
 * < [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Vessels ||< [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Continuous water-conducting micropipes found in most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants. ||

I did not know that some plants, such as mistletoe, are photosynthetic but instead **parasitic**. They tap into the host plant's vascular system. These are all symbiotic relationships that are not mutualistic. (bio review book)
 * JJS **
 * Epiphytes** are not parasitic but just grow on the surfaces of other plants instead off the soil. Many orchids grow as epiphytes.
 * Carnivorous plants** are photosynthetic, but they get some nitrogen and other minerals by digesting small animals. They are commonly found in nitrogen-poor soil, such as in bogs.


 * MFT**

I have always been confused by the two of these. This chart makes it very simple!